ATTITUDE OF PUBLIC TOWARDS COVID-19 VACCINE
An Exploratory Study in Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32813/2179-1120.2022.v15.n1.a900Palavras-chave:
Attitudes, COVID-19 Vaccine, Pakistan, PublicResumo
Background: COVID-19 is a deadly viral infection that kills many people throughout the globe. The goal of this study was to find out how people in Pakistan felt about the COVID-19 vaccine. Method: Convenience and respondent-driven sampling method was used to conduct an online survey with 15 closed- and open-ended questions to a sample of 330 participants. The proportion of people who had a good attitude towards vaccination vs. those who had a negative attitude towards vaccination was revealed by the closed-ended questions. The open-ended questions elicited qualitative data on why people accepted or rejected the vaccination. Results: 62.9% of the respondents intended to use the COVID-19 vaccine and around 80% were younger than 50 years. 71.3% married, and 69.3% of the working population were willing to accept vaccination. Males are 1.97 times more likely (OR: 1.97, CI: 1.08-3.58) to use COVID-19 vaccine than females. Higher age groups were more likely to accept vaccination. The working population (82%) was more likely (OR: 1.82, CI: 1.08-3.58) to use the COVID-19 vaccine than the non-working population. Conclusion: This study helps to identify the attitudes of people and has implications for COVID-19 immunization efforts in Pakistan for various population segments.
Metrics
Referências
Abbas Q, Mangrio F, Kumar S. Myths, beliefs, and conspiracies about COVID-19 Vaccines in Sindh, Pakistan: An online cross-sectional survey. Authorea Preprints. 2021. https://www.authorea.com/doi/pdf/10.22541/au.161519250.03425961
Acharya KP, Ghimire TR, Subramanya SH. Access to and equitable distribution of COVID-19 vaccine in low-income countries. npj Vaccines. 2021; 6(1): 1-3. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00323-6
Chu H, Liu S. Integrating health behavior theories to predict American's intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Patient Educ Couns. 2021; 104(8): 1878-1886. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.02.031
De Figueiredo A, Simas C, Karafillakis E, Paterson P, Larson HJ. Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: A large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study. Lancet. 2020; 396(10255): 898-908. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31558-0
Di Martino G, Di Giovanni P, Di Girolamo A, Scampoli P, Cedrone F, D’Addezio M, Meo F, Romano F, Di Sciascio MB, Staniscia T. Knowledge and attitude towards vaccination among healthcare workers: a multicenter cross-sectional study in a southern Italian region. Vaccines. 2020; 8(2): 248. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020248
Dror AA, Eisenbach N, Taiber S, Morozov NG, Mizrachi M, Zigron A, Srouji S, Sela E. Vaccine hesitancy: The next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020; 35(8): 775-779. doi: 10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y
Elbarazi I, Al-Hamad S, Alfalasi S, Aldhaheri R, Dubé E, Alsuwaidi AR. Exploring vaccine hesitancy among healthcare providers in the United Arab Emirates: A qualitative study. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2021; 17(7): 2018-2025. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1855953
El-Elimat T, AbuAlSamen MM, Almomani BA, Al-Sawalha NA, Alali FQ. Acceptance and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines: A cross-sectional study from Jordan. Plos one. 2021; 16(4): e0250555. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250555
Fong MW, Gao H, Wong JY, Xiao J, Shiu EY, Ryu S, Cowling BJ. Nonpharmaceutical measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings-social distancing measures. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2020; 26(5): 976-984. doi: 10.3201%2Feid2605.190995
Freeman D, Loe BS, Chadwick A, Vaccari C, Waite F, Rosebrock L, Jenner L, Petit A, Lewandowsky S, Vanderslott S, Innocenti S, Larkin M, Giubilini A, Yu L, McShane H, Pollard AJ, Lambe S. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: The Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (Oceans) II. Psychol. Med. 2020; 1-15. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720005188
Gadoth A, Halbrook M, Martin-Blais R, Gray A, Tobin NH, Ferbas KG, Aldrovandi GM, Rimoin AW. Cross-sectional assessment of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care workers in Los Angeles. Ann. Intern. Med. 2021; doi: 10.7326/M20-7580
Gagneux-Brunon A, Detoc M, Bruel S, Tardy B, Rozaire O, Frappe P, Botelho-Nevers E. Intention to get vaccinations against COVID-19 in French healthcare workers during the first pandemic wave: A cross-sectional survey. J Hosp Infect. 2021; 108: 168-173. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.020
Hussain A. COVID: Fears of 'impending doom' in Pakistan. 2021, May 1; https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56888541
Prickett K., Habibi H, Carr PA. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in a cohort of diverse New Zealanders. 2021. Available at SSRN 3845381. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3845381
Karafillakis E, Dinca I, Apfel F, Cecconi S, Wűrz A, Takacs J, Suk J, Celentano LP, Kramarz P, Larson HJ. Vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers in Europe: A qualitative study. Vaccine. 2016; 34(41): 5013-5020. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.029
Kelly DL, Zito MA, Weber D. Using a stage model of behavior change to prompt action in an immunization project. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2003; 29(6): 321-323. doi: 10.1016/S1549-3741(03)29038-9
Khan YH, Mallhi TH, Alotaibi NH, Alzarea AI, Alanazi AS, Tanveer N, Hashmi FK. Threat of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan: The need for measures to neutralize misleading narratives. Am. J. Trop. Med. 2020; 103(2): 603-604. doi: 10.4269%2Fajtmh.20-0654
Konopińska J, Obuchowska I, Lisowski Ł, Dub N, Kozera M, Rękas M. Intention to get COVID-19 vaccinations among ophthalmology residents in Poland: a cross-sectional survey. Vaccines. 2021; 9(4): 371. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9040371
Malik A, Malik J, Ishaq U. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine in Pakistan among health care workers. medRxiv. 2021; doi: 10.1101/2021.02.23.21252271
Mao Y, Chen H, Wang Y, Chen S, Gao J, Dai J, Jia Y, Xiao Q, Zheng P, Fu H. How can the uptake of preventive behaviour during the COVID-19 outbreak be improved? An online survey of 4827 Chinese residents. BMJ Open. 2021; 11(2): e042954. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042954
Mirzaei A, Kazembeigi F, Kakaei H, Jalilian M, Mazloomi S, Nourmoradi H. Application of health belief model to predict COVID-19-preventive behaviors among a sample of Iranian adult population. J. Educ. Health Promot. 2021; 10. doi: 10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_747_20
Neumann-Böhme S, Varghese NE, Sabat I, Barros PP, Brouwer W, van Exel J, Schreyögg J, Stargardt T. Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Eur J Health Econ. 2020; 21: 977–982. doi: 10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6
Palamenghi L, Barello S, Boccia S, Graffigna G. Mistrust in biomedical research and vaccine hesitancy: The forefront challenge in the battle against COVID-19 in Italy. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020; 35: 785–788. doi: 10.1007/s10654-020-00675-8
Rad RE, Mohseni S, Takhti HK, Azad, MH, Shahabi N, Aghamolaei T, Norozia F. Application of the protection motivation theory for predicting COVID-19 preventive behaviors in Hormozgan, Iran: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2021; 21: 466. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10500-w
Rehman K, Hakim M, Arif N, Islam SU, Saboor A, Asif M, Ramharter M. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, barriers and facilitators among healthcare workers in Pakistan. Res Sq. 2021; doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-431543/v2
Reiter PL, Pennell ML, Katz ML. Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among adults in the United States: How many people would get vaccinated?. Vaccine. 2020; 38(42): 6500-6507. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.043
Rhodes A, Hoq M, Measey MA, Danchin M. Intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in Australia. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2021; 21(5): e110. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30724-6
Ruiz JB, Bel RA. Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Results of a nationwide survey. Vaccine. 2021; 39(7): 1080-1086. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.010
Saied SM, Saied EM, Kabbash IA, Abdo SAEF. Vaccine hesitancy: Beliefs and barriers associated with COVID‐19 vaccination among Egyptian medical students. J Med Virol. 2021; 93(7): 4280-4291. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26910
Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: A concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines. 2021; 9(2): 160. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020160
Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, Al-Mahzoum K, Al-Haidar A, Taim D, Yaseen A, Ababneh NA, Bakri FG, Mahafzah A. High rates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with conspiracy beliefs: A study in Jordan and Kuwait among other Arab countries. Vaccines. 2021; 9(1): 42. doi:10.3390/vaccines9010042
Schwarzinger M, Watson V, Arwidson P, Alla F, Luchini S. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a representative working-age population in France: A survey experiment based on vaccine characteristics. Lancet Public Health. 2021; 6(4): e210-e221. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00012-8
Shekhar R, Sheikh AB, Upadhyay S, Singh M, Kottewar S, Mir H, Barrett E, Pal S. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care workers in the United States. Vaccines. 2021; 9(2): 119. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020119
Simpson V. Models and theories to support health behavior intervention and program planning. Health and Human Sciences. 2015; 2(8): 45-47.
Taukeni SG. Introductory chapter: Bio-psychosocial model of health. Psychology of Health-Biopsychosocial Approach. IntechOpen; 2019.
Troiano G, Nardi A. Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health. 2021; 194: 245-251. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.025
Wang K, Wong ELY, Ho KF, Cheung AWL, Chan EYY, Yeoh EK, Wong SYS. Intention of nurses to accept coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination and change of intention to accept seasonal influenza vaccination during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey. Vaccine. 2020; 38(45): 7049-7056. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.021
Wang K, Wong ELY, Ho KF, Cheung AWL, Yau PSY, Dong D, Wong SYS, Yeoh EK. Change of willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine and reasons of vaccine hesitancy of working people at different waves of local epidemic in Hong Kong, China: Repeated cross-sectional surveys. Vaccines. 2021; 9(1): 62. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010062
Weston D, Ip A, Amlôt R. Examining the application of behaviour change theories in the context of infectious disease outbreaks and emergency response: A review of reviews. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1): 1-19. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09519-2
WHO. COVID-19 vaccines. 2021. https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19/covid-19-vaccines
Williams L, Flowers P, McLeod J, Young D, Rollins L. Social patterning and stability of intention to accept a COVID-19 vaccine in Scotland: Will those most at risk accept a vaccine? Vaccines. 2021; 9(1): 17. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010017
Witte K. Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Commun. Monogr. 1992; 59(4): 329-349. doi: 10.1080/03637759209376276
Wong LP, Alias H, Wong PF, Lee HY, AbuBakar S. The use of the health belief model to assess predictors of intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and willingness to pay. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2020; 16(9): 2204-2214. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1790279
Yu Y, Lau JT, Lau M, Wong M, Chan PK. Understanding the prevalence and associated factors of behavioral intention of COVID-19 vaccination under specific scenarios combining effectiveness, safety, and cost in the Hong Kong Chinese general population. Int. J. Health Policy Manag. 2021. doi: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.02
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Revista Ciências Humanas
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
As publicações da Revista Ciências Humanas estão registradas sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY.
1. Os conteúdos dos trabalhos são de exclusiva responsabilidade de seu autor.
2. É permitida a reprodução total ou parcial dos trabalhos publicados na Revista, desde que citada a fonte.
3. Ao submeterem seus trabalhos à Revista os autores certificam que os mesmos são de autoria própria e inéditos (não publicados em qualquer meio digital ou impresso).
4. Os direitos autorais dos artigos publicados na Revista são do autor, com direitos de primeira publicação reservados para este periódico.
5. Para fins de divulgação, a Revista poderá replicar os trabalhos publicados nesta revista em outros meios de comunicação como, por exemplo, redes sociais (Facebook, Academia.Edu, etc).
6. A Revista é de acesso público, portanto, os autores que submetem trabalhos concordam que os mesmos são de uso gratuito.
7. Constatando qualquer ilegalidade, fraude, ou outra atitude que coloque em dúvida a lisura da publicação, em especial a prática de plágio, o trabalho estará automaticamente rejeitado.
8. Caso o trabalho já tenha sido publicado, será imediatamente retirado da base da revista, sendo proibida sua posterior citação vinculada a ela e, no número seguinte em que ocorreu a publicação, será comunicado o cancelamento da referida publicação. Em caso de deflagração do procedimento para a retratação do trabalho, os autores serão previamente informados, sendo-lhe garantido o direito à ampla defesa.
9. Os dados pessoais fornecidos pelos autores serão utilizados exclusivamente para os serviços prestados por essa publicação, não sendo disponibilizados para outras finalidades ou a terceiros.